International Marketing Assignment Free Essay Example, 2000 words

The long term pricing strategy of the company is value oriented. It maintains the affordable price of its product to become popular in the middle class market and to face its strong competitor Pepsi. This pricing strategy give importance to risk involved in any beverage company for adopting some strategies related to price. The pricing strategy affecting the demand of Coca Cola’s product in international market is influenced by the factors like elastic and inelastic demand. In the elastic demand the product price was sensitive which increased the sales volume in a significant level with the reduction of price. In inelastic demand the product does not have any decrease, increase correspondingly with the rise or fall in price (Gelder and Woodcock, 2003). Place Coca Cola’s product is available all over the world. The company follows the distribution pattern of FMCG. Its distribution network is very effective that it has almost destroyed middle and small level players in the beverage market. For example in India, Coca Cola has made extensive distribution even also in the rural market which eroded the market of local soft drinks. We will write a custom essay sample on International Marketing Assignment or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now It adopted many measures for entering into various foreign markets like franchising, licensing and direct exporting. To overseas companies and distributers, Coca Cola directly exports its products. It also does licensing the bottlers internationally and supply them the syrup which is required to manufacture the product. The total distribution process of the company in international market is done in a very strategic way. It sells it product in many different ways (Cheverton, 2005) Promotion The company develops many promotional and advertising strategies in its international market for increasing its demand all over the world which is associated with the behaviour and life style of its targeted audience. It individualized its ad for particular message or festival according to different country. The company also used CSR in its marketing activity for gaining emotional benefit in the mind of the consumer. Coca Cola gives price discount and allows the retailers and distributors for pushing its more products in the international market. It applies Pull strategies in campaigns and advertisements and push strategies in promotion. It invests a huge amount of money every year for ad and promotion of its product around the world for maintaining its leadership in the market. Social media, online and magazine ads are also been used by the company in promoting its products.

Essay about Indigenous Identities - 1372 Words

Each individual makes up the society as it is, and various characteristics and beliefs makes up an individual. Although, individual lives together with a variety of personal ideologies, emotions, cultures, and rituals, they all differentiate one person from the other making up one’s own identity. This identity makes up who one is inside and out, their behaviour, actions, and words comes from their own practices and values. However, the profound history of Indigenous people raises question in the present about their identities. Who are they really? Do we as the non-native people judge them from the outside or the inside? Regardless of whether the society or the government were involved in their lives, they faced discrimination in every†¦show more content†¦It takes away an individual’s right of living their own life with their own desires, to give away the precious parts of their lives to live another life they would have never thought of living. It is discrimi natory in the sense that one culture and society is undesirable about another and takes and action legally to do something that is humanly illegal. If one gives away their true self-identity, they give away much more than that. These individuals suffered mentally and physically due to these laws. The ethical question comes into this because one must consider whether for one person’s values and beliefs and superior or important over the other? Many questions come to one’s mind and the answers lays inside one person-an individual must place their selves in the shoe of the other to get the answers through their experiences. However this was not the only issue, among many others, the government policies also put prominence on many other parts aboriginal people’s lives. The policies were not general to this group of people but went more explicit to the genders. The gender discrimination took place when Indian Act specified the status of women and men after marriage. The two sections, 6(1) and 6(2), differentiate the genders and imitate inequalities. â€Å"The children of the women who married non-Indians before 1985 cannot pass along Indian status under section 6(2). The children of men do not face this same restriction as they are registered under section 6(1)†Show MoreRelatedWho Are Indigenous Australi Identity?1619 Words   |  7 Pagesdictionary definition of ‘identity’ focuses on notions of individuality and self (Collins English Dictionary, n.d.), yet any elaboration of an individual’s sense of self, will inevitably become relational, including details such as pare nts, siblings and where one is born. This expands into a social setting whereby an association with community and wider society become components contributing to self-definition, and then further again, including elements of cultural identity in forming traditions andRead MoreSpirituality Is The Fundamental Element Within The Formation Of Indigenous Identity1301 Words   |  6 Pages Spirituality is the fundamental element in the formation of Indigenous identity. However, since the arrival of European settlement, the sense of spirituality has been severely damaged. Since 2009, Deadly Choices have effectively empowered Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to make healthy choices for themselves and their families. Deadly choices offers an effective path to help Indigenous people reconnect to their land, culture and beliefs through the identification of the breakdown ofRead MoreColonialism and the Imposed Identities of the Indigenous in North America, Latin America and Africa2270 Words   |  10 Pagesimposed structure and influence have charred and damaged the identities of the indigenous populations of the world. To this day, the collective identities of the indigenous populations are being regrown and transformed, but the barriers left by colonialism ensure a painstakingly slow process and recovery to local indigenous identities based on cultural traditi on and heritage. The specific colonial rule and influence over the indigenous populations in the areas of Africa, North America and Latin AmericaRead MoreFresa y Chocolate and The Borderlands1467 Words   |  6 PagesIdentity is the essential core of who we are as individuals, the conscious experience of the self-inside. (Kaufman cited in Anzaldà ºa, 1987, p.84) The objective of this essay will be to interpret the contradictions of identity produced in the movie Fresa y Chocolate and The Borderlands. When personal identity, is stifled and shaped by nationalistic discourse. By examining the polarised dichotomies of self-identity, juxtaposed against the internalised and dominant hegemonic discourse of imposed NationalRead MoreThe General Business 365 : Lead Course1225 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussion in the General Business 365: LEAD course on identity and readings, I have become more aware of identity, what it means, my identity, others’ identities, and how identity affects our daily lives. Beverly Daniel Tatum, writer of â€Å"The Complexity of Identity: Who Am I?† says, â€Å"The concept of identity is a complex one, shaped by individual characteristics, family dynamics, historical factors, and social and political contexts.† In other words, identity is shaped by who we are and from our experiencesRead MoreNative American Identity Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pages Cornell University Professor Clinton Rossiter explains identity as, â€Å"an intangible feeling. It is something that is felt†¦ An identity is not static. Feelings change with time and therefore, so can identity.†(http://ushistorythemes.weebly.com/american-identity.html). When colonists first arrived to North America, some people wanted to establish an identity unique to themselves and their new colonies. In the beginning, this proved challenging as they were constantly succumbing to Britain s authorityRead MoreDiscuss the concept of adolescence as a social construct and its validity for different cultures1117 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual evolves physically, psychologically, emotionally, cognitively and socially. It is a defined social category that is expressed through immaturity and unpredictability and allows an individual to learn and discover their sense of self and identity. The idea of adolescence came into perspective after children were expected to take on a dult roles as soon as they were mature enough to, going straight from puberty to adulthood. As society changed and moulded, so did the ideas about life stagesRead MoreCultural Identity1133 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Hay’s addressing model, my cultural identities as a Latina woman of low socioeconomic status makes me part of non-dominant groups. My identities set me apart from the majority population which means that; I am perceived inferior than those of dominant groups. My lineage constitutes of indigenous ancestors that like me, share a darker skin tone that till this day is seen imperfect. My parents immigrated to this country in 1996, a year before I was born. My father and his familyRead MoreHow Do Sociological And Psychological Needs Affect Form, National Identity? Essay2217 Words   |  9 PagesMasters in Design SDES9211 Culture and Identity ASSESSMENT TASK II By Shrestha z5089685 Lecturer Mark Ian Jones ___________________________________________________________________________________ EXAMINING NATIONAL IDENTITY Research Question: How do sociological and psychological needs affect form, national identity, and concept in the contemporary world? What is the importance of cultural identity? And why is it important? These are a few question I would answer in the following study. The objectiveRead More Lost Identity Found Essays1862 Words   |  8 PagesLost Identity Found Stuart Hall writes that â€Å"Identity is not as transparent or unproblematic as we think† (Hall 392). Hanif Kareishi, a visual minority growing up in racially charged England, experiences uncertainty and frustration relating to his sense of identity. Salman Rushdie, author of short stories â€Å"The Courter† and â€Å"Good Advice Is Rarer Than Rubies,† develops characters who experience similar identity crises. In his piece, â€Å"The Rainbow Sign,† Kareishi explores three responses to encounters

Advertising for Kids Free Essays

No matter what children are doing, they are always surrounded by advertisements. Whether it is watching television, Reading a book/magazine, or browsing the internet; advertisements are everywhere. Eric Schlosser has a good point when he argues in his essay â€Å"Kid Kustomers† that more advertisements are being directed towards children each day. We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising for Kids or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is not only directed toward children, but influencing children to beg their parents for products they do not need or even want. As in, the stuff they see on television are not essentials for life. Children want them simply because they â€Å"look cool. Schlosser explains how in the 1980’s parents felt bad for leaving their children at home all day without spending any quality time with them, so they started buying them good toys, clothes, or whatever else they wanted to make up for this (519). Prior to this, there were only a handful of companies that targeted children, and now almost every company is. For example, Schlosser describes a study published in 1991 from the Journal of the American Medical Association stating, â€Å"nearly all of America’s six-year-olds could identify Joe Camel, who was just as familiar to them as Mickey Mouse† (520). Schlosser later explains one-third of the illegal cigarettes sold to minors were Camel. However, more recently, there have been surveys conducted throughout the malls of America asking children to describe every detail they could about their favorite advertisements. One marketer explained, â€Å"It’s not just getting the kids to whine, it’s giving them a specific reason to ask for the product† (520). The marketer simply means, the advertisers goal is to make children to want the product. The product has to be loud, colorful, and interesting or they need to be able to do something with it to make them want it. For example, the study concluded the talking Chihuahua in the Taco Bell ads were the most popular out of the fast food ads, but the most popular out of all the ads was the ad for Budweiser. To add to the idea of marketers surveying children in the study in the previous paragraph, Schlosser uses the book Kids as Costumers by James U. McNeal as a source. McNeal describes the different ways of nagging children will do towards their parents in order to get what they want or to get their way. In order for children to do so, advertisers found a way to learn the children’s interest: by studying their lives, then putting the information into the advertisements (521-522). For instance, imagine a marketer discovered children who are girls enjoy watching television shows about fairies and/or play computer games that involve a cute animal mascot; the marketer will then somehow to put those subjects in an advertisement, young girls would want that product. After mentioning the different studies, Schlosser then explains how improving advertisements are more directed towards children. He ends the essay on a strong not by explaining how the Walt Disney Company signed a contract with McDonalds. Schlosser states, â€Å"Now you can buy a Happy Meal at the Happiest Place on Earth† (526). By McDonalds and Disney combining, children are more likely to beg to their parents to go to Disney World. Eric Schlosser mentions some interesting points in the essay. He is correct when he states that advertisements are harshly aimed toward children. Reviewing back at the advertisements I remember seeing as a kid, when I about 10 years old, I remember looking at the advertisements and seeing amny items that caught my attention and interests. These interests were the following: drinks, toys, movies, new TV shows, and clothes. It makes me reflect on my behavior towards my parents when seeing such ads. While I currently have a younger sister, who watches cartoons, I have noticed the advertisements have declined from their original purposes. One of the declines that advertisements are played on the incorrect TV channels. For example, commercials for a rated PG-13 (or a higher rating movie) should not be played on a TV channel that little children watch. Today a great number of little kids have cellphones, laptops, expensive clothes, and so many more things children should not have, simply because they are not old enough. Cell phones are mainly used for when a person is not around anybody else; young children are always around an adult and if something were to go wrong, the adult would know who to call. According to James U. McNeal, there are seven types of â€Å"nags†: the pleading nag, persistent nag, forceful nag, demonstrative nag, sugarcoated nag, threatening nags, and pity nags. Then he describes his research discovered, â€Å"kids tend to stick to one or two of each that prove most effective . . for their own parents† (521). For example, a child could start crying in the middle of the store repeatedly saying â€Å"please mom/dad† until the parent either gives in. The same goes for a child whom could tell their parents they are going to run away if they do not give them a certain product, but either way, it is up to the parent on whether or not they will give in to the nags. Some children perform well at figuring out which nag works best. Everybody knows children (particularly small children) love all kinds of animals. However, do we know exactly how much? A study done by Dan S. Acuff, the author of the book What Kids Buy and Why, suggests that about 80% of children’s dreams are about animals until they are the age of six (522). Also it suggests the reason why so many characters in children’s TV shows and movies have animals as their mascots. Having so, helped the advertisement groups realize they needed new mascots. There is a Character Lab that helps companies make these new mascots, the Youth Market System Consulting that uses, â€Å"technique purports to create imaginary characters who perfectly fit the targeted age group’s level of cognitive and neurological development† (522). However, one flaw in Schlosser’s argument is he does not reflect on the positive advertisements children are watching every day. He mainly mentions how children want their parents to buy them fast food and cigarettes and alcoholic beverages. Though many advertisements are attempting to get children to buy healthy products. For example, I have seen from the TV my younger sister watches, some commercials are about getting out of the house and playing outside with friends. With this commercial, children will get excited to get out of the house and play with outdoor toys, getting exercise, and interacting with other children. Another commercial on the Disney Channel there was an advisement with Michelle Obama telling children to eat healthier and she while gave diet tips. Not only does this advertisement have a popular person in it, but that popular person is the President’s wife. Having her in the ad influences the children to have excitement because they are doing something the President’s wife wants. In addition, this advertisement has children asking their parents for healthier food choices around the house and they will rely the diet tips to their parents. In addition, there are many other commercials on Disney Channel about â€Å"going green† and recycling. On the other hand, there are â€Å"Above the Influence† commercials that express to children that drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, and doing drugs are a bad habit, but they always have the option to say â€Å"no. † Without advertisements like these, children would not be as well educated as they are about it now. These types of advertisements make children ask questions to parents, teachers, and older siblings about what is considered right and wrong and the different types of foods that should be in the house. This also helps children focus on more than the TV or computer. In all, several points can be made about whether or not advertisements positively or negatively affect kids, or if they are making people buy more products. I believe most advertisements do have a negative effect on children and there should be laws in place to keep this from getting worse. However, in the end Eric Schlosser has declared many points to suggest that his study is correct. He has many sources which proves his knowledge about this topic prior to writing about it. In addition, he orders the essay really well by stating his opinion then backing it up with facts. The only thing he does not preform do in his essay, is explaining and expanding on the other side. Other than that, the essay is good and has made myself pay more attention to whom the advertisement is aimed toward. Works Cited Schlosser, Eric. â€Å"Kid Kustomers. † From Inquiry to Academic Writing. 2nd ed. Ed. Stuart Green and April Lidinsky. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2012. 519-527. Print. How to cite Advertising for Kids, Essay examples

Chagas Disease in Chile-Free-Sample for Students-Myassignment

Question: Choose a particular tropical disease or Condition which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in a least one tropical and developing country, and apply principles for prevention and control to this disease. Answer: Ecology and Epidemiology of Chagas Disease Chagas disease is the tropical disease that has been selected for this assignment. Chagas disease is caused by species of triatomine vectors. In Chile, there are several species of triatomine including T. infestans, M. spinolai, M. parapatrica and M. gajardo (1). The primary sylavitic species is the M. spinolai. M. spinolai is found in rocky places although it has been reported in terrestrial habitats. It has also been found in peridomestic ecotopes and might also get into houses. This species usually feeds on human blood. Although M. spinolai is the primary vector of transmission, T. infestans is the most effective vector. There are however key differences in the behavior of these two species. The alimentary profile of these two species is another point of difference between the two main vectors which transmit Chagas disease. M. spinolai bites in a shorter time compared to T. infestans. On the other hand, T. infestans bites for a longer duration, and even the defecation does not del ay. T. infestans is found in several habitats such as sylvatic environments and rock piles (1). These are the environments associated with endemic terrestrial. T. infestans is occasionally found in human habitats. The dominant vector for the transmission of Chagas disease is T. cruzi. This vector is important in the transmission of the disease to humans. However, other methods of transmission have been identified. Congenital transmission and blood transfusion are some of the most significant means of transmission (2). Other routes of transmission such oral transmission have been characterized. Due to these transmission methods, most control methods have failed. Studies suggest the characterization of the dynamics of the T. cruzi to understand the efficacy of the control mechanisms (3). infestans is intently linked to peridomestic as well as domestic structures. This species is successful because of its capacity to utilize the accessible materials in human surroundings effectively. The distribution of the species can be explained by the variation in environmental resources. The existence of T. infestans in multiple environments other than human dwellings indicates that there are sufficient resources for the vector to survive (1). In most cases, the growth of the vector is influenced by temperature even though the climate is not the sole factor that affects its population. In Chile, Chagas disease is very prevalent in the northern area. The incidence of Chagas disease in Chile is 3 to 11 per 100000 citizens while the mortality rate is 0.3 t0 0.4 per 100000 individuals (4). This prevalence insinuates that most inhabitants are still affected by the disease. Nevertheless, in 1999 the country was pronounced free of T. cruzi the vector that transmits Chagas disease (5). The introduction of control initiatives has led to the reduction of the vector in Chile. Global burden of disease Currently, approximately 5 to 18 million individuals are infected by the Chagas disease. About 10,000 people die each year as a result of the Chagas disease. The burden of the disease is even expected to increase significantly in next decade. It is even estimated that 20 to 30 percent of patients will face severe heart Chagas disease in the next decade (6). Chagas disease is also prevalent in Australia. In 2011, there were about 1928 infections in the country, which insinuates that Chagas disease is becoming a burden in Australia (7). Approximately, 300,000 individuals who have been infected with the Chagas disease live in the U.S. The rate of transmission of T. cruzi in the U.S. is however unknown. The prevalence of chagasic heart infection in the U.S. has also not been characterized (8). The vector has been found to be endemic in America. Chagas disease is a significant burden in Brazil. Recent studies show that the mortality rate linked to the disease is decreasing at a slow rate. The death rate associated with Chagas disease decreased from 3.4 percent in 2000 to 2.3 percent in 2010. This study indicates that 85.9 percent of the deaths occurred in men aged over 60 years. Most of these deaths occurred due to cardiac involvement (9). Chagas disease is a major burden to various parts of the world. Latin America specifically experiences a significant disease burden. In the past few years, the burden of Chagas disease in U.S., Pacific region, and Europe has been increasing substantial (10). The individuals who are infected with T. Cruzi in these regions might develop various conditions such as digestive tract infections or fatal cardiomyopathy. One study found that Latin American migrants have higher chances of being infected by the Chagas disease. In Latin America, there are endemic and non-endemic settings. The international economic burden of Chagas is high. Huge resources are used in the management of the Chagas disease. One study used Markov model to determine the economic burden of Chagas disease. It was found that infected persons spend about $474 to manage their condition annually. The lifetime expenditure on the management of the Chagas disease is $3456. About 10 percent of the total expenditure in the management of Chagas disease originates in Canada and the U.S. alone (11). Principles of prevention and control There are three principles for preventing and controlling the Chagas disease. The first principle is inhibiting the transmission of the disease. Transmission of the Chagas disease is interrupted by eradicating domestic vectors. The second principle is screening donated blood to minimize the chances of infecting another patient. The final principle is promoting maternal screening for infections. Newborns who test positive for the Chagas disease are exposed to treatments where needed (12). Eco-bio-social interventions have been applied in the control of T. Cruz in Chile, Mexico, Guatemala, and Bolivia. Plastering of mud houses and improved hygiene helped to reduce the infestation of Triatoma infestations in Bolivia. Window screens were used to minimize the infestation of the vector in Mexico. Another effective control and prevention principle is blanket insecticide spraying. This kind of control program has proved successful in Cochabamba (13). Since the Chagas disease is increasingly becoming a public health problem, more diagnostic tools, as well as surveillance programs, will be developed. References Hernndez J, Nez I, Bacigalupo A, Cattan PE. Modeling the spatial distribution of Chagas disease vectors using environmental variables and peoples knowledge. International Journal of Health Geographics. 2013 March; 12(29). Kirchhoff LV. Epidemiology of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Adv Parasitol. 2011; 75(1): p. 1-18. Nouvellet P, Cucunub ZM, Gourbire S. Ecology, evolution and control of Chagas disease: a century of neglected modelling and a promising future. Adv Parasitol. 2015 March; 87: p. 135-191. Mauricio C, Cceres D, Alvarado S, Canals A, Cattan PE. Modeling Chagas disease in Chile: From vector to congenital transmission. Biosystems. 2017 June; 156: p. 63-71. Zulantay I, Apt W, Ramos D, Godoy L, Valencia C, Molina M, et al. The Epidemiological Relevance of Family Study in Chagas Disease. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2013; 7(2): p. e1959. Stanaway JD, Roth G. The burden of Chagas disease: estimates and challenges. Global Heart. 2015 September; 10(3): p. 139-144. Jackson Y, Pinto A, Pett S. Chagas disease in Australia and New Zealand: risks and needs for public health interventions. Trop Med Int Health. 2014 Feb; 19(2): p. 212-218. Montgomery SP, Starr MC, Cantey PT, Edwards MS, Meymandi SK. Neglected Parasitic Infections in the United States: Chagas Disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014 May; 90(5): p. 814-818. Nbrega AAd, Arajo WNd, Vasconcelos AMN. Mortality Due to Chagas Disease in Brazil According to a Specific Cause. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014 September; 91(3): p. 528-533. Bonney KM. Chagas disease in the 21st Century: a public health success or an emerging threat? Parasite. 2014 March; 21: p. 11. Lee BY, Bacon KM, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ. Global economic burden of Chagas disease: a computational simulation model. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013 April; 13(4): p. 344-348. Liu Q, Zhou XN. Preventing the transmission of American trypanosomiasis and its spread into non-endemic countries. Infect Dis Poverty. 2015 December; 4: p. 60. Espinoza N, Borrs R, Abad-Franch F. Chagas Disease Vector Control in a Hyperendemic Setting: The First 11 Years of Intervention in Cochabamba, Bolivia. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2014; 8(4): p. e2782.

Hues of Daily Life free essay sample

I am the color yellow. Intense brightness slides across the rough canvas as I swipe the brush down. The smell of potential winds me as tight as a spring as I dip my brush into the oil. I find whatever is immediately before me becomes my essence and my soul’s genetic makeup at the instant. Indigo, burning orange, luminescent silver flicker past my sight as I prepare my next move, the queen can shift to numerous places before settling into her calling and so it is with my art. When I catch myself plummeting too deep into this rapture, I am forced to entice myself back into the present world which is just as extraordinary as the one I just left. That world was dreamy, surreal, and Romantic while this one is crisp, rough, and achingly beautiful. Painting usually has this effect on me, and this is why I always find myself drawn back to it whenever I leave it for any amount of time. We will write a custom essay sample on Hues of Daily Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am a modern Frankenstein when it comes down to ardor for knowledge, yet I am a bug near a fly-zapper when I come near art. I can be heading down Main Street to the bank and a splash of vibrant crimson catches my eye, and my body forgets its original purpose as it changes its course to investigate. On several occasions, the object of my notice has been a simple hand-knitted scarf or another trinket in a store’s display window, but that does not matter. The exhilaration comes from the journey that leads to the discovery, and I plan to carry on my ardent learning about creation, colors, and chemistry with me to college. Tempestuous and alive, I watch a horse tear across a pastoral meadow, blurring into oneness of the moment. The world is presented to me in chunks of simultaneous representation, always a different angle; a novel perspective. A lather works up on the stallion’s coarse hide as he bucks, flinging the froth into the air, letting the sun shatter it into thousands of multicolored crystals. I become the horse, as I am the sweat and the energy of the instant. I set the pencil down and start another drawing, for the horse deserved to decide its own path and if I kept drawing I would restrict its passionate freedom. I am positive Bates College is already replete with entrepreneurs, athletes, writers, scientists, artists, musicians, mathematicians, extraordinary people, average people, and the occasional nut job†¦yet I feel safe in daring to say that you haven’t yet accepted a vivacious young woman who is the color yellow and a liberally sweaty horse.

About Anne Griswold Tyng, an Overlooked Influence

About Anne Griswold Tyng, an Overlooked Influence Anne Tyng devoted her life to geometry and architecture. Widely considered a great influence on the early designs of architect Louis I.Kahn, Anne Griswold Tyng was, in her own right, an architectural visionary, theorist, and teacher. Background: Born: July 14, 1920 in Lushan, Jiangxi province, China. The fourth of five children, Anne Griswold Tyng was the daughter of Ethel and Walworth Tyng, Episcopal missionaries from Boston, Massachusetts. Died: December 27, 2011, Greenbrae, Marin County, California (NY Times Obituary). Education and Training: 1937, St. Mary‘s School, Peekskill, New York.1942, Radcliffe College, Bachelor of Arts.1944, Harvard Graduate School of Design*, Master of Architecture. Studied Bauhaus with Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer. Studied urban planning with Catherine Bauer.1944, New York City, briefly employed by industrial design firms.1945, moved to the Philadelphia home of her parents. Became the only female employee of Stonorov and Kahn. Worked on city planning and residential projects. Remained with Louis I. Kahn when the Stonorov and Kahn partnership broke up in 1947.1949, licensed to practice architecture. Joined the American Institute of Architects (AIA Philadelphia). Met Buckminster Fuller.1950s, associate consulting architect in Kahn‘s office. Continued to work on city of Philadelphia planning with Louis I. Kahn (Civic Center), while independently experimenting with habitable geometric designs (City Tower).1975, University of Pennsylvania, PhD in Architecture, with a focus on symmetr y and probability. * Anne Tyng was a member of the first class to admit women at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. Classmates included Lawrence Halprin, Philip Johnson, Eileen Pei, I.M. Pei, and William Wurster. Anne Tyng and Louis I. Kahn: When 25-year-old Anne Tyng went to work for Philadelphia architect Louis I. Kahn in 1945, Kahn was a married man 19 years her senior. In 1954, Tyng gave birth to Alexandra Tyng, Kahns daughter. Louis Kahn to Anne Tyng: The Rome Letters, 1953-1954 reproduces Kahns weekly letters to Tyng during this time. In 1955, Anne Tyng returned to Philadelphia with her daughter, purchased a house on Waverly Street, and resumed her research, design, and independent contract work with Kahn. Anne Tyngs influences on Louis I. Kahn architecture are most evident in these buildings: 1951–1953, tetrahedronical ceiling and openly geometric staircase in the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut1955, cubes and pyramidal shapes making up the Trenton Bath House, Trenton, New Jersey1974, grid of symmetrical square design of the Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut I believe our creative work together deepened our relationship and the relationship enlarged our creativity, Anne Tyng says of her relationship with Louis Kahn. In our years of working together toward a goal outside ourselves, believing profoundly in each other‘s abilities helped us to believe in ourselves. ( Louis Kahn to Anne Tyng: The Rome Letters, 1953-1954) Important Work of Anne G. Tyng: For nearly thirty years, from 1968 to 1995, Anne G. Tyng was a lecturer and researcher at her alma mater, the University of Pennsylvania. Tyng was widely published and taught Morphology, her own field of study based on designing with geometry and mathematics- her lifes work: 1947, developed the Tyng Toy, a set of interlocking, plywood shapes that children could assemble and re-assemble. A Tyng Toy kit could be put together to build simple but usable objects, which could then be taken apart and re-assembled to make other objects. Childrens furniture and toys included a desk, easel, stool, and wheeled toys. The Tyng Toy, featured in the August 1950 Popular Mechanics magazine (page 107), was exhibited in 1948 at the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota.1953, designed City Tower, a 216-foot high, geometrically intricate building for Philadelphia. In 1956, Louis Kahn envisioned tripling the height of the City Tower Project. Although never built, a model was exhibited in 1960 at the Museum of Modern Arts exhibit Visionary Architecture in New York City, with Kahn giving little credit to Tyng.1965, Anatomy of Form: The Divine Proportion in the Platonic Solids, research project funded by a grant from the Graham Foundation, Chicago, Illinois.1971, Urban Hie rarchy exhibited at AIA in Philadelphia. In a Domus Magazine interview, Tyng described the design of square houses along spiral roadways as a cyclical sequence with recurring symmetries of squares, circles, helixes and spirals. 1971–1974, designed the Four-Poster House, in which the structure of a modernist Maine vacation home is geometrically integrated with a piece of furniture, the four-poster bed.2011, Inhabiting Geometry, a walk-through exhibit of her lifes work of shapes and forms at the Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania and the Graham Foundation, Chicago. Tynge on City Tower The tower involved turning every level in order to connect it with the one below, making a continuous, integral structure. Its not about simply piling one piece on top of another. The vertical supports are part of the horizontal supports, so it is almost a kind of hollowed-out structure. Of course, you need to have as much usable space as possible, so the triangular supports are very widely spaced, and all the triangular elements are composed to form tetrahedrons. It was all three-dimensional. In plan, you get an efficient use of space. The buildings appear to turn because they follow their own structural geometric flow, making them look like they are almost alive....They almost look like they are dancing or twisting, even though theyre very stable and not really doing anything. Basically the triangles form small-scale three-dimensional tetrahedrons that are brought together to make bigger ones, which in turn are united to form even bigger ones. So the project can be seen as a contin uous structure with a hierarchical expression of geometry. Rather than being just one great mass, it gives you some sense of columns and floors.- 2011, DomusWeb Quotes by Anne Tyng: Many women have been scared away from the profession because of the strong emphasis on mathematics....All you really need to know are basic geometric principles, like the cube and the Pythagorean theorem.- 1974, The Philadelphia Evening Bulletin [For me, architecture] has become a passionate search for essences of form and space- number, shape, proportion, scale- a search for ways to define space by thresholds of structure, natural laws, human identity and meaning.- 1984, Radcliffe Quarterly The greatest hurdle for a woman in architecture today is the psychological development necessary to free her creative potential. To own ones own ideas without guilt, apology, or misplaced modesty involves understanding the creative process and the so-called masculine and feminine principles as they function in creativity and male-female relationships.- 1989, Architecture: A Place for Women Numbers become more interesting when you think of them in terms of forms and proportions. I am really excited about my discovery of a two volume cube, which has a face with divine proportions, while the edges are the square root in divine proportion and its volume is 2.05. As 0.05 is a very small value you cant really worry about it, because you need tolerances in architecture anyway. The two volume cube is far more interesting than the one by one by one cube because it connects you to numbers; it connects you to probability and all kinds of things that the other cube doesnt do at all. It is an entirely different story if you can connect to the Fibonacci sequence and the divine proportion sequence with a new cube.- 2011, DomusWeb Collections: The Architectural Archives of the University of Pennsylvania holds Anne Tyngs collected papers. See the  Anne Grisold Tyng Collection. The Archives are internationally known for the Louis I. Kahn Collection. Sources: Schaffner, Whitaker. Anne Tyng, A Life Chronology. Graham Foundation, 2011 (PDF); Weiss, Srdjan J. The life geometric: An Interview. DomusWeb 947, May 18, 2011 at www.domusweb.it/en/interview/the-life-geometric/; Whitaker, W. Anne Griswold Tyng: 1920–2011, DomusWeb, January 12, 2012 [accessed February 2012]

How internal and external forces affect organizational behavior Essay

How internal and external forces affect organizational behavior - Essay Example mies and free sourcing of materials and labors, competition became tougher because other similar companies with the same objective of making profit are finding ways to offer its good and services at a lower price and better quality. This puts pressure on any company to perform, to become efficient, to be able to produce and provide the better goods and services at the least cost possible. Unlike before, the pressure is greater today because with the globalization of business, competition is not only confined within the domestic players but also other companies abroad. It is an imperative that every business should remain competitive otherwise competition will eat its share in the market and push the business out to oblivion. This external pressure necessitated the change from within, to institute changes that would make it lean and efficient. Globalization of business however is not only about the intense pressure which resulted from the increased competition. It also afforded opportunities to explore other markets which were unavailable before. Globalization brought down the restrictions on trade and companies with better products and services at lower prices can enter into markets and expand its market base. This has unintentionally affected organizational diversity as it immerses into new borders with different culture and perspective and in a way widen its horizon. The restrictive organizational now opens not just because of its exposure to foreign market but due to market imperative to adapt to the perspective of new markets in order to be more